Nat Mater 6:21–29Įerenstein W, Mathur ND, Scott JF (2006) Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials. Ramesh R, Spaldin NA (2007) Multiferroics: progress and prospects in thin films. Hill NA (2000) Why are there so few magnetic ferroelectrics? J Phys Chem B 104:6694–6709 Phase diagram of crystal symmetries percentage, saturation magnetization (M S), remnant magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (H C) of Bi 1-xSm xFe 1-xMn xO 3 for x = 0.000, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 and 0.150 ceramics.Ĭatalan G, Scott JF (2009) Physics and applications of bismuth ferrite. A correlation between crystal structure and magnetic behavior has been observed for Sm and Mn co-substituted sample. The saturation magnetization for ferromagnetic phase increases up to 10% substitution of Sm and Mn in BFO and, decrease with the further increase of percentage of substituents. The magnetic hysteresis loop at room temperature has been analyzed by considering both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic contribution. Ferromagnetic signature has been observed in Sm and Mn co-substitution. A change in the phonon frequency and line widths in Raman spectra confirms the lattice distortion in the co-substituted samples which are in agreement with the XRD analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis supports the XRD results. Crystallite size obtained from the transmission electron microscopy analysis is in well comparable with the XRD analysis. The chemical state and elemental ratio of the samples have been studied by analyzing the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveals a structural transition from rhombohedral ( R3c, space group) to orthorhombic ( Pbnm, space group) crystal symmetry with the concentration of Sm and Mn in the sample. The secondary phases (i.e., Bi 2Fe 4O 9, Bi 25FeO 39 etc.) present in the parent compound BiFeO 3 have been significantly reduced with increase in the substitution percentage of Sm and Mn at Bi and Fe sites of BFO respectively. Sm and Mn co-substituted BiFeO 3 (BFO) ceramic has been synthesized by the tartaric acid modified sol-gel method to understand the effect of structural modification on the magnetic properties.
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